CBP

Created byCreated administratively Mar. 1, 2003 under Homeland Security Act of 2002 (merging U.S. Customs Service (Treasury, 1789-lineage), INS inspections, and Border Patrol); statutorily established by Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114-125 (enacted Feb. 24, 2016)

Head appointed6 U.S.C. § 113(a)(1)(C): Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; office established at the head of CBP by 6 U.S.C. § 211(b)(1); nomination referred by statute to the Senate Committee on Finance (6 U.S.C. § 211(b)(2), enacted as an exercise of the Senate's rulemaking power); no fixed term (PAS)

Removal standardno statutory protection — at will

Funded underannual DHS Appropriations Act, supplemented by customs COBRA user fees (19 U.S.C. § 58c, incl. merchandise processing fee) and immigration inspection user fees (8 U.S.C. § 1356(d))

Congressional oversightHouse Committee on Homeland Security (border security); House Committee on Ways and Means (customs revenue functions) · Senate Committee on Finance (Commissioner nominations and customs laws per 6 U.S.C. § 211(b)(2)); Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (departmental oversight)

Inspector generalDHS OIG (PAS IG under the IG Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 401–424)

Judicial reviewCustoms protests reviewed exclusively in the Court of International Trade (19 U.S.C. §§ 1514–1515; 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a)); expedited-removal review sharply limited by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e); APA otherwise; damages suits against agents largely foreclosed (Egbert v. Boule, 596 U.S. 482 (2022))