CFPB

Created byDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, title X (Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010), P.L. 111-203

Head appointed12 U.S.C. § 5491(b)–(c): Director appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a 5-year term; may serve until a successor is confirmed (PAS)

Removal standard12 U.S.C. § 5491(c)(3): 'The President may remove the Director for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office' — held unconstitutional and severed in Seila Law LLC v. CFPB, 591 U.S. 197 (2020); Director is removable at will

Funded under12 U.S.C. § 5497(a): Director requisitions transfers from the 'combined earnings of the Federal Reserve System,' capped (12% of the Fed's 2009 operating expenses, inflation-adjusted); held constitutional under the Appropriations Clause in CFPB v. Community Financial Services Ass'n, 601 U.S. 416 (2024); meaning of 'combined earnings' amid Fed losses, and the administration's 2025 wind-down, contested in NTEU v. Vought (D.C. Cir. en banc argued Feb. 24, 2026; undecided as of June 11, 2026); Civil Penalty Fund at § 5497(d)

Congressional oversightHouse Financial Services · Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Inspector generalcovered by the OIG of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (IG appointed by the Fed Chair, not the CFPB Director; jurisdiction extended to the Bureau by Dodd-Frank)

Judicial reviewRules challenged via APA § 702 in district court; administrative-adjudication orders reviewed directly in the courts of appeals (12 U.S.C. § 5563(b)(4)); civil investigative demands contested under 12 U.S.C. § 5562